If you thought the only ingredient in your wine was crushed grapes, you may be in for a surprise. Winemakers love to spin romantic tales about the climate, soil, and tradition behind聽their wine, but strangely omit the part about fish bladders, egg whites, and clay. Those are just a few of the unexpected things that might come in contact with wine before you drink it.
Before you rush to the sink to pour that bottle you just opened down the drain you should know these things don’t remain in the wine you drink. Most additives聽are used in tiny amounts to smooth out minor flaws in a wine, and then removed completely. Though in some cases they may remain in the wine if the goal was to聽cover up larger mistakes like poor fruit quality/taste.
Unlike most food and drink for sale, wineries aren’t required to list ingredients on the bottle. If wines were labeled like potato chips, you might do a double take if聽you picked up a bottle and saw things like gum arabic, egg whites, acetaldehyde, charcoal, or fumaric acid. Those are just a few of the 70 additives approved by聽US Alcohol Tobacco Tax Bureau .
Ridge takes a non-interventionist approach to winemaking and offers transparency in labeling the few ingredients that go into their wine.
Into the bunghole
Adding certain things to wine isn’t new. Winemakers have been using common additives in production for hundreds of years. They fall into six general categories:聽anti-oxidants, tannins, acidifiers and de-acidifiers, clarifying agents, and stabilizers.
Some of the more common ones聽include:
Sulfur
The most known and often misunderstood, sulfur is an anti-oxidant used to kill bacteria and prevent oxidation in wine. A very small portion (around聽1%) of the population has severe sulfite allergy which is why producers include the “contains sulfites” message on labels.
Yeast
A basic and necessary component in winemaking, yeast converts sugar to alcohol, but聽different strains of yeast can dramatically impact the flavor of wine. Some winemakers swear by聽“native” yeasts, basically whatever’s hanging out in聽the vineyard or in the cellar, while others only use “cultured” yeasts which offer much more predictable results.
Sugar
Winemakers might add sugar during fermentation in a process聽is known as “chaptalization”. It’s聽not designed to make wine sweeter, but rather used to increase alcohol levels. This is more common in areas like Bordeaux and Oregon, where grapes often聽struggle to fully ripen. In CA, Italy, and NZ however it’s illegal to add sugar to wine.
Egg whites
Egg whites, Isinglass (aka dried fish bladders), and milk proteins are a few additives commonly used to clarify wine. After wine is fermented it goes through a clarification process known as “fining and racking”. Egg whites have traditionally been used to bind to any tiny particles floating around in the wine and are removed entirely after they drop to the bottom of the barrel. So don’t聽worry, you aren’t drinking fish bladders and eggs in the finished product. Strict vegans聽will be happy to learn that聽non-animal additives like聽clay can be used.
Adding a fining agent to wine. Photo Courtesy WikiCommons
If you’re curious about what else might be allowed, here’s a complete list of approved additives in all their scientific glory.
The聽one additive聽winemakers don’t talk about
Regardless of winery size, producers聽can’t really get around using the sulfur, yeast, enzymes and bacteria to make wine.聽But there is one polarizing ingredient that shows up way more in two buck chuck. It’s called “Mega Purple”.
It might be聽illegal to add sugar to wine, but producers can add grapes high in sugar content, like Alicante Bouschet or Petite Sirah.聽When you’re producing a million聽cases of wine, you might look for cheaper聽options and a small dose of super concentrated Mega Purple makes聽wine sweeter, adds a bit of texture, and covers up flawed聽flavors.
Mega Purple has become increasingly common in cheaper wines and in an article exploring its use, Dan Berger interviews a Monterey County winery president who admits “Virtually everyone is using it. In just about every wine up to $20 a bottle anyway, but maybe not as much over that.”
There’s nothing unhealthy or inherently wrong with using Mega Purple. Large producers place a priority on uniformity, not complexity. Most small scale winemakers take pride in creating expressive and unique wines that reflect the nuances of a growing region or a certain varietal clone and adding Mega Purple puts them at risk of making聽a wine that masks the true character of their wine.
Going too far
Manipulating a wine with something like Mega Purple pales in comparison to what some wineries have been caught doing. In 2004, winemakers at the KWV winery in South Africa decided to add vegetable flavorings to several of their Sauvignon Blancs in an effort to inject聽the expected aromas of green pepper and grass. It worked, and the wines racked up several awards before the fraud was discovered.
A few years earlier, the Australian winery Kingston Estate was caught exporting wine containing trace amounts of the silver nitrate, a toxic salt. It was added in minute quantities to hide a sulfurous rotten-egg smell in the wine. Several shipments made their way to the United States, but were caught and impounded.
Luckily these incidents are few and far between.
Non-interventionist leaders
On the opposite end of the spectrum you have producers like Bonny Doon and Ridge who proudly聽display ingredients on their wine labels. They believe wine should reflect its terroir, and think聽heavy manipulation takes away from the wine’s authenticity.
We believe that for anyone attempting to make fine wine, modern additives and invasive processing limit true quality and do not allow the distinctive character of a fine vineyard to determine the character of the wine.
– Ridge Vineyards
Why you shouldn’t worry
You’ll find strong opinions on either side of the debate. Some critics like Alice Feiring proudly voice their support聽for “natural” wines free of sulfites and other additives, claiming these wines are聽purer and more eco-friendly. Others dismiss their claims as聽a radical-chic trend that doesn’t even have a concrete definition of what “natural” means.
This Italian producer makes it very clear their wine is as natural as can be.
There’s a line between minor adjustments and larger scale manipulation. It’s safe to assume less intervention translates to a better reflection of the vineyard, the varietal, and the vintage. But even if you’re swigging on a cheap blend of Mega Purple and Merlot it’s safe to assume your innards won’t rot away. As a consumer walking down the wine aisle it doesn’t hurt to understand the different approaches to winemaking, but ultimately you should let your own taste dictate what you like to drink.
